Spatial and temporal distances in a virtual global world: Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic.

The experience of COVID-19 prompted us to rethink the imperatives of distance for the organization of value-creating activities globally. We advance a conceptualization of distance as representing separation in both space and time and posit that these distance dimensions represent different kinds of separation and require varied theoretical attention. We delineate the intrinsic qualities of spatial and temporal distances and theorize the impact of this extended conceptualization of distance on major tenets of international business theory and their predictions regarding the patterns of international business activity. We illustrate the ways by which varying configurations of spatial and temporal distances serve different value-creating activities and draw their implications for countries' global integration. We advance a call for more attention to time and temporal distance and their impact on the ways firms organize their value-creating activities in an increasingly virtual world.

L'expérience de COVID-19 nous a incités à repenser les impératifs de la distance pour l'organisation d'activités créatrices de valeur au niveau mondial. Nous conceptualisons la distance comme un construit représentant la séparation à la fois dans l'espace et dans le temps, et postulons que ces dimensions de la distance représentent différents types de séparation et nécessitent une attention théorique variée. Nous spécifions les qualités intrinsèques des distances temporelles et spatiales, et théorisons l'impact de cette conceptualisation étendue de la distance sur les principaux principes de la théorie des affaires internationales et leurs prédictions en matière de configurations d'activité en commerce international. Nous illustrons les façons dont diverses configurations de distances spatiales et temporelles servent différentes activités créatrices de valeur, et élaborons les implications pour l'intégration mondiale des pays. Nous appelons à accorder davantage d'attention au temps et à la distance temporelle, ainsi qu'à leur impact sur la manière dont les entreprises organisent leurs activités créatrices de valeur dans un monde de plus en plus virtuel.

La experiencia de COVID-19 nos instó repensar los imperativos de la distancia para la organización de actividades de creación de valor a nivel mundial. Avanzamos una conceptualización de la distancia como representación de la separación tanto en el espacio como en el tiempo y planteamos que estas dimensiones de la distancia representan diferentes tipos de separación y requieren una atención teórica variada. Delineamos las cualidades intrínsecas de las distancias espaciales y temporales y teorizamos el impacto de esta conceptualización ampliada de la distancia en los principales postulados de la teoría de los negocios internacionales y sus predicciones en relación con los patrones de la actividad de negocios internacionales. Ilustramos el modo en que las distintas configuraciones de las distancias espaciales y temporales sirven para diferentes actividades de creación de valor y extraemos sus implicaciones para la integración global de los países. Hacemos un llamamiento para que se preste más atención a la distancia temporal y al tiempo y a su impacto en la forma en que las empresas organizan sus actividades de creación de valor en un mundo cada vez más virtual.

A experiência do COVID-19 nos levou a repensar os imperativos de distância para a organização de atividades de criação de valor globalmente. Avançamos uma conceituação de distância como representação de separação tanto em espaço quanto em tempo e postulamos que essas dimensões de distância representam diferentes tipos de separação e requerem atenção teórica distinta. Delineamos as qualidades intrínsecas das distâncias espaciais e temporais e teorizamos o impacto dessa conceituação estendida de distância nos principais pilares da teoria em negócios internacionais e suas previsões a respeito dos padrões de atividade em negócios internacionais. Ilustramos formas pelas quais distintas configurações de distâncias espaciais e temporais atendem a diferentes atividades de criação de valor e descrevemos suas implicações para a integração global de países. Propomos um apelo por maior atenção a tempo e distância temporal e seu impacto nas maneiras pelas quais empresas organizam suas atividades de criação de valor em um mundo cada vez mais virtual.

The world has a unique opportunity: Accelerating technology transfer and vaccine production through partnerships

The global roll-out of vaccines is crucial to defeating the pandemic, but the lack of technical know-how and manufacturing infrastructure for production are constraining the speedy provision of vaccines globally. This will remain true even if the intellectual property rights of COVID-19 vaccines are waived temporarily. To accelerate technology transfer and global vaccine production, this article calls for the promotion of joint ventures between global COVID-19 vaccine manufacturers and local pharmaceutical companies so as to create regional manufacturing hubs. These joint ventures must be supported financially by global North countries, international organisations, and host-country governments. This approach will incentivize pharmaceutical companies to share not only their patents but also tacit production knowledge because the risk and cost of setting up new facilities will be shared. In this paper, we show how the joint venture approach will have benefits for all the actors involve and generate positive impact on Sub-Saharan Africa and other regions over the long run. Following these policy proposals will not only help protect the global community from COVID-19 but will also present a rare window of opportunity to stimulate the life science industry in the global South, supporting sustainable economic and technological development.

The Future of Endowed Chairs in Academic Medicine.

As the landscape of philanthropy changes following the COVID-19 pandemic, this commentary considers the future of endowed chairs in academic medicine in the light of articles by Thorndyke and colleagues and by Chin-Hong and colleagues in this issue. The authors evaluate the traditional allocation of endowed chairs, which can attract and retain talented faculty and can support focused research far into the future, while other gifts may support more timely concerns, but over a shorter term. The authors weigh the benefits and challenges of allocation of endowed chairs, such as the need to improve representation, diversity, equity, and inclusion, and opportunities to support early-career investigators or research teams. New endowed positions can be challenging to establish, as there may be competition with learner scholarship programs and programmatic support. Leadership turnover of university presidents and deans can slow philanthropic growth and make recruitment and fundraising for new positions even more challenging. The authors discuss the balance of institutional priorities and ways to use endowed chairs for scholarship in evolving areas of medicine and science. They further suggest working with donors to develop more adaptable gift agreements, which will allow institutions to transform endowed positions to meet changing needs while preserving the intentions of the donor. To maintain endowed chairs as a worthwhile and relevant outlet for philanthropy, one which donors will enthusiastically support, it is essential to align them with the changing needs of the institution and the broader environment of academic medicine.

The theory and empirics of the structural reshaping of globalization.

Petricevich and Teece's (2019) article on the reshaping of globalization raises profound issues on the theory and empirics of international business. The fracture in the world economy between the USA and China is the result of Government policy, but its relationship to rising VUCA (volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity) elements in globalization is more complex than simple policy changes. This paper suggests that a reappraisal of theory is required, not least because of the eruption of Covid-19, but that internalization theory is the best source of theoretical restructuring in the face of the new empirical realities facing the global economy.

L'article de Petricevich et Teece (2019) sur le remodelage de la mondialisation soulève de profondes questions sur la théorie et l'empirisme de l'international business. La fracture dans l'économie mondiale entre les États-Unis et la Chine est le résultat de la politique gouvernementale, mais sa relation avec les éléments VUCA (volatilité, incertitude, complexité et ambiguïté) croissants de la mondialisation est plus complexe que les simples changements de politique. Cet article suggère qu'une réévaluation de la théorie est nécessaire, notamment en raison de l'éruption du Covid-19, mais que la théorie de l'internalisation est la meilleure source de restructuration théorique face aux nouvelles réalités empiriques auxquelles l'économie mondiale est confrontée.

En el artículo de Petricevich y Teece (2019) sobre la restructuración de la globalización plantea profundas cuestiones sobre la teoría y la empírica de negocios internacionales. La fractura en la economía global entre los Estados Unidos y China es el resultado de la política del Gobierno, pero su relación con el aumento de los elementos VICA (volatilidad, incertidumbre, complejidad y ambigüedad) en la globalización es más que compleja que simples cambios de política. Este manuscrito propone que una reevaluación de la teoría es requerida, no sólo por el brote del Covid-19, sino por que la teoría de internalización es la mejor fuente de restructuración teórica de cara a las nuevas realidades empíricas que enfrenta la economía global.

O artigo de Petricevich e Teece (2019) sobre a reformulação da globalização levanta questões profundas sobre a teoria e o empirismo de negócios internacionais. A fratura na economia mundial entre os EUA e a China é o resultado de política do governo, mas sua relação com os crescentes elementos de VUCA (volatilidade, incerteza, complexidade e ambiguidade) na globalização é mais complexa do que simples mudanças de política. Este artigo sugere que é necessária uma reavaliação da teoria, principalmente por causa da erupção do Covid-19, mas que a teoria da internalização é a melhor fonte de reestruturação teórica diante das novas realidades empíricas da economia global.

Resilience and Being Thankful

The author discusses the exacerbation of mental health problems amid the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the U.S. and reasons for gratitude amidst these challenges. Topics covered include such positive points as good health for one's family, opportunity to work in the midst of layoffs, cohesion and compassion of individual talents in one's team, and healthcare innovations during the crisis. Also noted is the lesson of resilience from patients battling mental illness.

Emerging From the COVID-19 Crisis With a Stronger Health Care Workforce.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the limitations of the current health care workforce. As health care workers across the globe have been overwhelmed by the crisis, oversight entities and training programs have sought to loosen regulations to support ongoing care. Notably, however, workforce challenges preceded the current crisis. Now may be the time to address these underlying workforce challenges and emerge from the COVID-19 pandemic with a stronger health care workforce.Building upon historical exemplars in the context of the current crisis, the authors of this Perspective provide a roadmap to rapidly and safely increase the workforce for COVID-19 and beyond. The authors recommend the following: (1) a comprehensive approach to guide health care workforce development, (2) streamlining transitions to the next level of practice, (3) reciprocity among state licensing boards or national licensure, (4) payment reform to support a strengthened health care workforce, and (5) efforts by employers to ensure the ongoing safety and competence of the bolstered workforce. These steps require urgent collaboration among stakeholders commensurate with the acuity of the pandemic. Implemented together, these actions could address not only the novel challenges presented by COVID-19 but also the underlying inadequacies of the health care workforce that must be remedied to create a healthier society.